Every block begins with a special transaction that has no inputs: the coinbase. It pays the block subsidy plus the block's aggregate transaction fees to an address chosen by the miner (or the pool). This is literally where new coins come from.
Coinbase outputs are subject to a maturity rule — on Bitcoin they cannot be spent for 100 blocks — protecting the network from spending coins in blocks that might be orphaned. Pool payout systems (FPPS, PPLNS) are accounting layers that distribute coinbase income across contributing miners.
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