Undervolting

Mining workloads are memory-bound on most GPU algorithms, so the core can run slower and cooler without hurting hashrate. A stock RTX 4090 pulling 350 W can often deliver near-identical Etchash output at 250–280 W after undervolting — a 20–30% efficiency gain for free.

Standard recipe: lower the core clock/voltage curve, raise the memory clock until errors appear (then back off), and verify stability over 24 hours. On ASICs the equivalent is custom firmware with per-chip voltage tuning.